Archive for: MIS

This is an excerpt from a recent CGAP paper, The Early Experience with Branchless Banking. The paper synthesizes the observations and research of the CGAP Technology Program. Gautam Ivatury and Ignacio Mas wrote the paper, with substantial input from the entire program team. This blog series will cover seven observations, four uncertainties and four predictions for branchless banking - what we call mobile banking and other technology-enabled banking solutions.

Most MFI-led branchless banking initiatives have been small pilots or have had only limited success. Even though MFIs have strong local knowledge, product development acumen, and the ability to manage small loans, most lack the stable core banking systems and specialized technical skill to implement branchless banking models or tap into existing platforms.

In the Philippines, an initiative to let customers of rural banks use G-Cash instead of cash to make deposits and repayments has been constrained in part by the poor quality of banks’ core banking systems. Based on interviews with experts in the field and observations from our own visits, CGAP estimates that the vast majority of the approximately 750 rural banks will need an IT overhaul or major upgrade to participate. In Kenya, an MFI that substituted group loan cash repayments with repayments in M-Pesa found a different problem. Group loan borrowers made fewer on-time repayments under the new system. Customers no longer attended the group meetings that had helped to keep up repayment pressure.

On the other hand, those relatively few MFIs that have the financial resources and skills to deploy branchless banking have been among the first movers. Microfinance banks, including Tameer Bank in Pakistan and Xac Bank in Mongolia, are developing their own mobile banking channels and are partnering with mobile operators to reduce delivery costs and to reach unserved urban and rural areas.

Another way MFIs may get involved is  as partners for banks seeking to expand their market among the unbanked. SKS Microfinance in India has developed a mobile banking initiative in partnership with Andhra Bank, in which customers use designated SKS banking agents to deposit money into Andhra Bank accounts and use a mobile phone to repay SKS microloans. Small MFIs and local community-based organizations can also play on the other side—as correspondents for other, larger banks. This ensures them a steady revenue stream in a synergistic relationship with the larger bank, as long as they target different population segments. An interesting case is the intent of the Andhra Pradesh State government in India to use up to 30,000 village organizations (local federations of self-help groups [SHGs]), to act as a cash agent for payment of social services, for SHG members under their umbrella, as well as for local banks.

Finally, MFIs are also tackling branchless banking as a group to overcome their individual limitations. In Ecuador, for example, the Red Financiera Rural association of MFIs and cooperatives is planning to contract a technology provider to build and maintain core banking systems and branchless banking channels on behalf of the group to minimize up front costs and the expertise needed inside each member organization. This sharing of technology costs and expertise has perhaps the highest potential to bring MFIs onto payment networks and allow them to take advantage of mobile banking and other delivery channels they cannot implement alone.

What functions are involved in the ASP or SaaS model for microfinance IS/CBS?

We are looking into the different pieces of the value chain for delivering information and core banking systems through an application service provider (ASP) OR software as a service (SaaS) model. These functions may be performed by a microfinance institution (MFI), a national or regional microfinance association (MFI-A), a local IT service provider (ITSP), the ASP or SaaS vendor (Vendor), or another, new party.

ASP or SaaS models would seem particularly likely to fall short of customer expectations when it comes to support functions. One reason that MFIs are so dissatisfied with existing microfinance software vendors is that they provide poor quality support after the sale – and in particular that most of these vendors do not have local support providers in the countries in which their MFI customers operate. For example, a vendor from Ecuador may have customers in Peru but no on-the-ground support staff in that country.

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Banks in the United States are increasingly outsourcing their technology. In 2007, 70% of new core technology sales to financial institutions were for outsourcing while only 30% were for in-house use (sources weren’t cited in the article). While we don’t have similar statistics for the microfinance market, I would guess that 100% of sales were for in-house use. So why are the US banks outsourcing and what does this have to do with microfinance?

Outsourcing allows banks to focus on their core competency: providing financial services. Outsourcing can also reduce operating costs, help the institution make efficient use of technology, save on investment in hardware and software, streamline reporting to management and regulators, provide access to additional functionality, improve data security, and the list goes on. The perceived benefits seem to be paying off as the number of US banks outsourcing IT is increasing, especially among medium-sized institutions.

Microfinance institutions face many of the same technology challenges as banks in the US. If technology is such a headache and outsourcing can help alleviate some of these grievances, why aren’t more MFIs outsourcing their information systems?

While there does seem to be increasing chatter on the topic, some of the big differences between microfinance institutions and US banks may explain the lag. First of all, unreliable electricity and internet connectivity is a fact of life in many (most?) MFIs. Technology providers need creative solutions to reach these markets in a way that improves upon systems already in place (i.e. more convenient and lower cost). Second, MFIs require specialized software designed for things like group loans and compulsory savings. A company which outsources for US banks, for example, would need to tailor its products and services to be compatible with the particular needs of MFIs.

Despite the potential hurdles, outsourcing appears promising for microfinance. Will the outsourcing trend transcend geographic and other boundaries?

Around 45% of existing microfinance institutions still track and record their operations and accounting in excel sheets or even completely manually.  This costs a massive amount of time and resources, leaves room for error, prevents them from growing quickly, and undermines their ability to manage risk. Especially for smaller institutions the relative investment and maintenance cost is enormous compared to their size and operations.

How about completely outsourcing information systems (IS) to an external technology provider, so that the MFI can focus on its main business: handling client relationships and providing financial services?   Read the rest of this page »

Europe turns nose up at mobile banking
Mobile banking could be failing to capture the imagination of consumers, according to a
survey of 2,500 retail financial services customers across Europe. The research, conducted by TNS on behalf of Fujitsu Services, found 65 percent of respondents prefer to access banking services online. nly five percent of the sample said mobile banking is the channel of choice. Physically going to a branch is the second choice, at 53 percent. The findings differ from a UK-only survey which put face-to-face or voice interaction as the preferred method of accessing banks.

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Word today that IBM, which has been touting its foray into open source solutions, will partner with Grameen Foundation to help expand its MIFOS solution for information systems. In a joint press release, Grameen and IBM note that

…MFIs (microfinance institutions) are inhibited from extending their reach because they lack a flexible, cost-effective technology infrastructure that enables them to expand their operations to provide loans to more people and to develop new products and services. Many MFIs are still using pen and paper or simple spreadsheets to process loans. A 2004 study by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) showed that just half of all MFIs around the world have automated information systems, and those that do invest in technology spend duplicative resources on custom-built systems that are extremely costly and difficult to maintain.

No doubt. We hear this all the time from MFIs - its hard, if not impossible to roll out electronic channels on the front end without improving the back end first. 

Want to know more? We’ve got lots of research…..