Archive for: Financial Literacy

There was a time when mobile phones were seen as a plaything of the rich – the image of of the mobile phone as a yuppie toy took a long time to be dispelled. Whilst CGAP readers are switched on to the benefits and occasional drawbacks of access to basic financial services it is sometimes necessary to remind our colleagues and clients of the merits of universal access. The question that us most commonly asked is: given their relatively low level of income, to what extent do the unbanked need access to mobile money services? Read the rest of this page »

To promote effective regulation of branchless banking, especially mobile banking, CGAP, DFID, and the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) have organized the third Global Leadership Seminar for high-level policymakers and regulators who set policy for branchless banking, including mobile banking. CGAP’s Technology Program and AFI are supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. This week we’re blogging from the seminar. One session on branchless banking from the consumer’s point of view (download the presentation here)  was chaired by Daryl Collins, a Senior Associate at Bankable Frontiers and co – author of the influential Portfolios of the Poor: How the World’s Poor Live on $2 a Day. The book draws on year-long surveys of financial diaries from families in Bangladesh, India and South Africa. The surprise conclusion: many of the people they tracked were not living hand-to-mouth. Rather, the poor often rely on a variety of complex tactics and tools to manage money.

How are people who live on $2 a day different from, say, the people who are reading this blog? How would you sum up the financial needs of poor consumers?
When it comes to major cash flow, like incomes, most of us have got a predictable pattern and we can plan our financial lives. Poor people have low, unpredictable incomes,  where it’s hard to have mechanisms to siphon off income to save money, service a loan, etc. We’re used to having a monthly or biweekly pattern to our financial lives as we get paid a regular salary on a regular basis. Having a predictable pattern means being able to plan your financial life. If you’re talking about people who don’t have a salaried job, their income is irregular. Many of the people who live on $2 a day don’t have that predictability and so their financial lives revolve around mitigating uncertainty.

Talk a bit more about the issue of unreliability and informal financial services.
It is crucial to be able to leave your money in a safe place. Formal services generally offer more safety than informal services, but the problem is that formal services are less convenient. This isn’t just about transaction costs – the time and money spent on a bus or taxi ride as you get to the bank. It’s not even about waiting in line for a long time at a bank branch. It’s also about the mental accounting behind making transactions. If people think they can get at their money more easily, when they want it, then they will feel comfortable about shifting away from informal devices and towards a formal service.

What can we learn from “Portfolios of the Poor” that applies to branchless/mobile banking?
You need to make a service convenient and flexible. So if someone can walk up to a banking agent in their neighborhood and make a transaction, they’ll use it. Formal financial instruments, such as a bank account, are not always flexible enough to meet the demands and challenges created by the irregular cash flows that many poor people live with day in and day out. So making services more affordable and geographically closer to the poor – something that mobile banking does – can help expand the reach of the formal financial system.

The real story here is about expanding the reach and reducing the cost of formal financial services to  better meet the needs of poor consumers.
Yes. We have seen that poor people manage their money in a variety of ways, not all of which work well. The services they have available to them are not lined up with their cash flows. Informal financial instruments, such as savings clubs, do a better job at matching cash flows to savings points and being more convenient. But informal services tend to have their own costs, which really center on unreliability. Branchless banking may help people begin to tilt their portfolios towards more formal uses.  But we need to be realistic about how quickly this might happen.  People are not about to leave informal instruments and go completely into the formal. it’s a subtle shift that will grow over time.

-Daryl Collins, as told to Jim Rosenberg

Next: The consumer experience in Brazil and Kenya, and implications for policymakers.

This post is based on a workshop led by Jan Chipchase of Nokia and me at the recent MMT conference in Dubai.

“Ecosystem” seems to be a big buzzword in the mobile money space. Many mobile network operators (MNOs) are extending their focus beyond what they consider to be the  killer applications – storing and transferring money and cultivating strategies to offer financial services at scale.

The cornerstones of a viable network are trust and ubiquity, but this is no easy task. MNOs not only need to find the appropriate partners, they also need to make the ecosystem relevant to the daily lives of their users. This can be done by capturing the various financial practices that constitute daily life, and by monitoring so-called unintended uses. One of the clearest examples of this – the use of M-PESA for the safe-storage of money suggests a latent demand for particular types of services, such as savings. By capturing and integrating these practices, MNOs increase the likelihood that their ecosystem will sustainable.

There are other ways to ensure sustainability. That is, through education initiatives targeting financial literacy. In the context of the mobile ecosystems this term has several meanings. At a more basic level, it could mean providing users with information regarding the various features of the application and could also mean explaining how these features can be navigated. Such initiatives are beneficial because they take some of the burden for education away from the retail agents handling cash-in and cash-out transactions. But financial education can be taken beyond lessons of simple usability, and involve those of better money management. These projects could teach the poor how to initiate savings plans, make strategic investment decisions, or seek out credit from formal financial institutions. If done properly, they could raise financial awareness and, in some cases, have positive implications for the livelihoods of poor users.

Achieving a sufficient level of financial literacy is not an easy task – what to teach, and how to teach it, takes both time and money and whilst the onus of providing (consumer) education leans towards the service provider the boundaries of this responsibility are not clear. As such MNOs may not always be interested in such an investment, especially at earlier stages of ecosystem development. However our position is, that by raising the level of financial and service literacy such initiatives will have substantial benefits for the MNO in the long run: on a personal level people are more willing to invest time and effort in using a wide range of services because there is a clear benefit; and within the broader society – that people are aware of the kinds of services that are available to them. Remember that banking is often seen as something that is ‘for others’ rather than for themselves.

An increase in service use will not without its consequences – the integration of financial practices into the ecosystem makes them both more visible and more traceable, especially in countries where the majority of economic activity is currently informal. For governments, this provides new opportunities for the exploitation of financial information – ranging from  the monitoring and prosecution of criminals to the stricter enforcement of taxation. As such it raises some interesting questions regarding the content of financial education projects. In particular, to what extent should the providers of such projects make clear these potential risks clear, especially given that they may not themselves have a clear idea of how their services will evolve? The actual and perceived mishandling of this issue threatens to marginalize the use of mobile money services, and as such all players in the ecosystem need to clearly communicate where they stand.

-Jan Chipchase and Olga Morawczynski

Since the official launch of GCASH in early 2004, Globe Telecom’s subsidiary GXI set-up a number of initiatives to help them arrive at a strategy for mobile banking in the Philippines. As part of those efforts, CGAP and GXI partnered to roll-out GCASH in three predominantly rural and low-income provinces of Bohol, Palawan and Surigao. Our goal was to understand how to expand the reach of GXI’s agent network into smaller towns and how customers would use the service. I am writing to share briefly what we learned in terms of customer usage and preferences in the low-income provinces that we have been working in.

In 18 months, GXI signed up 120,000 new GCASH customers in three low income provinces (Bohol, Surigao del Norte and Palawan) and set-up 200 agents to service those customers (GXI has 1.1 million GCASH customers nationally with 3,000 agents). GXI reached over half of the registered base in the first three quarters of 2009 – roughly 72,000 new GCASH accounts. About 2,000 of those customers (under 3 percent of total) have been conducting one or more GCASH transactions a month. The average transaction size was very low at USD 30, reflecting GCASH’s appeal to those looking to transact at low values. In addition, a very small number of customers have used the wallet for storage. We found a small subset (6-7 customers) maintain a monthly running balance.

Read the rest of this page »

These past few weeks we’ve been focused on Tanzania’s experience with mobile banking. We’re not alone. Gunnar Camner and Emil Sjöblom recently spent three months in Tanzania for their master’s thesis in Media Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden. Their study attempts to investigate mobile banking services from a user perspective. In which contexts do alternative uses, e.g. savings, become popular and why? The final report will be presented during autumn 2009 and made available at the project blog: http://valuablebits.com. Meanwhile, they sent us this dispatch.

While M-PESA in Tanzania has had a hard time competing with its sibling in Kenya in user uptake, there is one way of sending money via the mobile phone that is very popular in the country. That is by using airtime top-up vouchers. The most common way to do this is to buy an airtime voucher, scratch it in order to get the code and then text the code in an SMS to the person you want to send money to. It is then up to the recipient to go out and sell the code to people who want to buy airtime, or resellers and shops that in turn will sell it to people wanting airtime. The value of the voucher is reduced when selling it the second time, in most cases by about 10% but sometimes it is reduced by up to 40%. M-PESA and Zap are much cheaper and charge about 2-5% of the value sent.

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Leading up to the 2009 Mobile Money Summit and beyond, we’re running a podcast series with some of the voices we’re listening to this year as part of the CGAP/DFID Branchless Banking in 2020 scenarios work. The process is based on one driving question: How can government and private sector most affect the uptake and usage of branchless banking among the unserved majority by 2020? You can participate directly through this blog,  by joining our prediction market, or posting discussions through our Mobile Banking and Microfinance LinkedIn Group. –Jim

Jonathan Donner is a Researcher in the Technology for Emerging Markets Group at Microsoft Research India. Previously, Jonathan was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the Earth Institute at Columbia University, and worked for the consultancies Monitor Company and The OTF Group. He holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University in Communication Theory and Research.

Speaking on the side of a workshop that was held in Cape Town last month, Jonathan shared his views on how cash and electronic money aren’t so different when it comes to a question of trust, and how branchless banking is helping poor people spend less time and money to do simple financial transactions.

Interview with Jonathan Donner

To promote effective regulation of mobile banking, CGAP, DFID, and the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) have organized this week’s second Global Leadership Seminar for high-level policymakers and regulators who set policy for branchless banking, including mobile banking. CGAP’s Technology Program and AFI are supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The following is based on materials from a session led by CGAP’s Denise Dias and Kate McKee. You can download their presentations here: part 1 and part 2.

In recent years, a host of developing countries have issued regulations governing mobile transactions, e-money, and other aspects of branchless banking to aid in securely extending financial services to more citizens. Yet as adoption skyrockets for services ranging from smartcard-enabled agent networks to mobile phone payment systems, regulators continue to face challenges in ensuring adequate consumer protection, particularly for new users of financial services.

Challenges are intensified by the fact that many services have been widely available for only a short while. As a result, there are no “off-the-shelf” regulatory frameworks that can successfully mitigate risks and address problems in complex and far-reaching branchless banking systems. Nor is there a rich trove of historical data to use in shaping policy.

Read the rest of this page »

I have been tracking the mobile banking/branchless banking space in India for a few years – since the business correspondent guidelines were issued. India drafted those guidelines in the spirit of significantly ramping-up access to finance for poor people. The guidelines put Indians in the lead on branchless banking regulation in the South Asia region. Two years have passed and we have yet to see those guidelines translate into a dramatic change in the access to financial services picture in India. There are new companies and more experimentation with correspondents and innovative solution providers but banks have simply not been aggressive about pursuing branchless channels.

The Reserve Bank of India issued final mobile banking guidelines on Wednesday and banks are again front and center. Should we expect these guidelines to dramatically alter the picture of financial access in India? Are the unbanked winners or losers? Well….

Read the rest of this page »

As promised, here is the video and presentation from today’s webinar that Kabir Kumar and Ignacio Mas lead, based on their recent paper: Banking on Mobiles: Why, How, for Whom?

Thanks to all of you who joined us in person or online.

Presentation: CGAP Mobile Banking Webinar (881kb pdf)

Video: CGAP Mobile Banking Webinar (requires RealPlayer)

Background
The promise of mobile banking is well known; harder to find are examples of solid implementation and mass roll out beyond payments and transfers. In Banking on Mobiles: Why, How, for Whom? CGAP examines the business case and deployment options for smaller banks and microfinance institutions. With effective partnerships and technical choices (which affect customer uptake), we believe there is a strong market opportunity to reach poor people with a broad range of financial services.